Tag Archives: the brown boy dilemma

Dilemma: Self-Hatred

30 Aug 2025 The Brown Girl Dilemma

The Psychological Legacy of Slavery and Color Bias.

Self-hatred among Black people has deep historical roots, particularly stemming from the trauma of slavery and centuries of systemic oppression. This internalized disdain manifests in attitudes toward one’s skin, hair, and cultural features, and continues to affect Black people today. Psychologists identify self-hatred as a form of internalized oppression, where victims adopt the negative beliefs and stereotypes imposed by dominant groups (Welsing, 1991). Biblically, this contrasts with God’s perspective: “But the Lord said unto Samuel, Look not on his countenance, or on the height of his stature; for the Lord seeth not as man seeth; for man looketh on the outward appearance, but the Lord looketh on the heart” (1 Samuel 16:7, KJV).

Historical Roots: Slavery and Colorism

During slavery, lighter-skinned slaves—often children of European masters—were given preferential treatment, while darker-skinned individuals faced harsher labor and punishment. This created a color hierarchy within enslaved communities, instilling notions of inferiority based on skin tone. Hair texture was also stigmatized, and European beauty ideals were valorized. These historical realities laid the foundation for psychological wounds that persist across generations.

Psychological Effects

Self-hatred manifests as low self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and identity conflict. Psychologists note that internalized racism can result in imposter syndrome, social withdrawal, and preference for Eurocentric features (Hunter, 2007). Black girls and women may feel pressured to straighten hair, lighten skin, or alter features to fit societal ideals. The stress of trying to conform externally often exacerbates internal conflict and mental health challenges.

Contemporary Implications

Today, Black people still face discrimination in employment, education, and media representation. Lookism and lightism—preference for lighter skin and straighter hair—affect hiring decisions, casting in media, and social interactions. Colorism perpetuates inequality even within communities of color, while mainstream media continues to glorify Eurocentric beauty standards. The KJV Bible reminds believers to find value in spiritual and moral integrity rather than external appearance (1 Peter 3:3-4, KJV).

Self-Hatred Healing Guide: Overcoming the Legacy of Slavery and Colorism

1. Daily Affirmations and Spiritual Grounding

“I am fearfully and wonderfully made” (Psalm 139:14, KJV).
“God sees the heart; my worth is in Him, not in society’s standards” (1 Samuel 16:7, KJV).
“My skin, hair, and features are beautiful and reflect God’s design.”

Practice: Repeat affirmations daily, write them in a journal, or post them where you see them regularly.

2. Cultural Pride and Representation

Celebrate African, Caribbean, or Black American heritage.
Engage with media that showcases Black beauty, culture, and achievements.
Support Black-owned businesses, authors, artists, and creators to reinforce cultural pride.

3. Media Literacy

Critically evaluate mainstream media for Eurocentric beauty standards.
Avoid content that perpetuates negative stereotypes or color bias.
Share and promote diverse representation that affirms dark and brown-skinned beauty.

4. Mental Health and Therapy

Seek therapy with professionals trained in racial trauma and colorism.
Journaling: Write thoughts, experiences, and victories to externalize and process internalized biases.
Cognitive restructuring: Challenge negative self-talk and replace it with truth-based affirmations rooted in spirituality and personal value.

5. Faith and Spiritual Practices

Pray daily for self-acceptance, healing, and guidance.
Meditate on Scriptures emphasizing inner beauty and God’s perspective:
- 1 Samuel 16:7: God values the heart, not outward appearance.
- Psalm 139:14: Each person is wonderfully made.
Use fasting, worship, and fellowship to strengthen spiritual resilience and emotional health.

6. Practical Beauty and Self-Care

Embrace natural hair textures, skin tones, and facial features.
Experiment with self-expression through fashion, makeup, and hairstyles that celebrate identity rather than conform to Eurocentric norms.
Develop a self-care routine that nurtures mental, physical, and emotional well-being.

7. Community and Mentorship

Join groups or networks that celebrate Black identity and provide emotional support.
Seek mentorship from Black leaders, activists, and professionals who model confidence and self-love.
Share experiences with peers to normalize challenges and reinforce empowerment.

8. Action Steps

Begin each day with affirmations and prayer.
Limit exposure to harmful media messages.
Participate in cultural and community events that celebrate Black heritage.
Engage in therapy, journaling, or spiritual counseling.
Mentor or guide younger Black individuals to foster self-love and cultural pride.

Strategies for Change

Cultural Affirmation: Celebrate Black features, hairstyles, and skin tones in media, education, and community spaces.
Education: Teach the history of slavery, colorism, and its psychological effects to promote awareness.
Therapy and Counseling: Encourage mental health support focused on racial trauma and self-worth.
Faith-Based Empowerment: Scripture and spiritual practice can restore confidence and identity in God’s eyes (Psalm 139:14, KJV).

Role of White Society

White society can help dismantle systemic biases by:

Confronting and correcting discriminatory policies in workplaces, schools, and media.
Promoting diverse representation in leadership and media.
Supporting initiatives that celebrate Black culture rather than co-opt or erase it.
Recognizing the historical roots of self-hatred and advocating for reparative justice.

References

Biblical References (KJV)

1 Samuel 16:7
1 Peter 3:3-4
Psalm 139:14

Psychology & Sociology References

Welsing, F. C. (1991). The Isis Papers: The Keys to the Colors. Third World Press.
Hunter, M. L. (2007). The Persistent Problem of Colorism: Skin Tone, Status, and Inequality. Sociology Compass, 1(1), 237–254.
Clark, R., & Clark, K. (1947). Racial Identification and Preference in Negro Children. Journal of Negro Education, 16(3), 169–176.

Brown Skin, melanin, the golden fleece, The Golden Glow

The Golden Fleece and Its Connection to Black Skin.

30 Aug 2025 The Brown Girl Dilemma

Beneath the sun, our skin ignites,
A molten glow of ancient lights.
From river, sea, or morning ray,
The gold within cannot decay.

The Golden Fleece, in classical mythology, was a symbol of ultimate power, wealth, and divine favor. While often imagined as a literal object in Greek legend, symbolically, it represents the sacred, coveted essence of life and vitality. In Afrocentric interpretations, the Golden Fleece parallels the natural golden undertones of melanated skin, celebrating the richness, resilience, and uniqueness of Black bodies.

When a Black man or woman emerges from water, sunlight reveals a golden glow, a phenomenon that occurs across the spectrum of dark skin tones. This luminous effect reflects the melanin-rich composition of the skin, which absorbs and diffuses light in ways that give a subtle, warm radiance. The glow has been described as a visual testament to the divine and ancestral heritage carried in every melanated body.

Frances Cress Welsing, in her seminal work The Isis Papers, addresses the psychology of melanated skin, emphasizing how white-dominant societies have historically envied the physical, intellectual, and spiritual capacities associated with Blackness. She posits that melanin is not merely pigment but a symbol of power, and the natural golden glow of the skin is a manifestation of life-force and genetic vitality, evoking both admiration and subconscious fear in societies conditioned to reject Black excellence.

The Golden Fleece, then, becomes a metaphor for the sacred value inherent in Black skin—a treasure of beauty, resilience, and divine design. It is a reminder that melanated bodies are not only aesthetically radiant but spiritually significant, carrying a legacy that cannot be replicated or diminished.

Biblical References (KJV)

Exodus 3:21-22. King James Version.
Deuteronomy 28:12. King James Version.
Psalm 139:14. King James Version.

Secondary Sources

Welsing, F. C. (1991). The Isis Papers: The Keys to the Colors. Third World Press.

Fanon, F. (1967). Black Skin, White Masks. Grove Press.

Grier, W. H., & Cobbs, P. M. (1968). Black Rage. Basic Books.

Harris, S. (2015). The Psychological Effects of Racism on African Americans. American Psychological Association.

Blackness, hate, hebrews, prejudice, racism, the brown boy dilemma, the brown girl dilemma, white supremacy

The Most Hated People: Black People

30 Aug 2025 The Brown Girl Dilemma

Throughout history, Black people have endured hatred, oppression, and marginalization on a global scale. This phenomenon is not merely social or political; it has deep spiritual and psychological roots. The Bible, particularly the King James Version, offers insight into why Black people have been hated, how God allows this suffering, and how the forces of darkness exploit it. Understanding these dynamics is essential for empowerment, resilience, and spiritual victory.

Biblical Foundations: Why Black People Are Hated

The hatred toward Black people is hinted at in Scripture as a form of prophetic suffering. Deuteronomy 28:37 states, “And thou shalt become an astonishment, a proverb, and a byword among all nations whither the LORD shall lead thee” (KJV). The Israelites, often linked biblically to Black Africans through E1b1a haplogroups and historical migrations, were marked for suffering as a consequence of God’s covenant and the lessons of obedience. This hatred, though painful, serves as a tool in God’s providential plan to teach, refine, and ultimately elevate His people spiritually.

Scripture also warns of the spiritual adversary behind oppression: “Be sober, be vigilant; because your adversary the devil, as a roaring lion, walketh about, seeking whom he may devour” (1 Peter 5:8, KJV). The devil manipulates human sin and societal prejudice to sow division, hatred, and despair, targeting Black people as part of a larger plan to weaken God’s chosen people.

Psychological Dimensions of Hatred

From a psychological perspective, the hatred of Black people is rooted in fear, envy, and the need for domination. Social psychology explains this as in-group/out-group bias, scapegoating, and internalized superiority complexes. Historical trauma, such as slavery and colonization, reinforced narratives that dehumanized Black people, creating generational cycles of oppression. Modern psychology identifies implicit bias, colorism, and structural racism as extensions of these long-standing prejudices, perpetuated unconsciously in societies worldwide.

The psychological impact of being hated manifests as internalized oppression, lowered self-esteem, and hyper-vigilance. Yet the Bible offers resilience strategies: “Fear thou not; for I am with thee: be not dismayed; for I am thy God” (Isaiah 41:10, KJV). Faith, identity in God, and historical consciousness serve as buffers against the toxic effects of hatred.

The Role of the Devil

Satan’s involvement in the hatred of Black people cannot be understated. He works to divide, oppress, and distort identity. As John 10:10 warns, “The thief cometh not, but for to steal, and to kill, and to destroy” (KJV). By promoting false narratives, enslavement, and systemic oppression, the devil aims to suppress Black excellence, spiritual awareness, and societal influence. Recognizing this spiritual warfare is critical to understanding that hatred is not merely human sin but also a tool of darkness.

The Meaning of Blackness

Blackness is more than skin color; it represents resilience, divine heritage, and a reflection of God’s creative diversity. Psalm 139:14 states, “I will praise thee; for I am fearfully and wonderfully made” (KJV). Black identity, therefore, is sacred and intentional. Historically, Black people have been leaders, prophets, and nation-builders, and their cultural and spiritual contributions reflect God’s favor and purpose, even when society hates them.

How to Overcome Hatred

Overcoming hatred requires a combination of spiritual, psychological, and practical strategies:

Faith in God’s Sovereignty: Trusting that God can turn suffering into blessing (Genesis 50:20).
Community and Mentorship: Strengthening ties within Black communities to resist isolation and despair.
Education and Awareness: Learning history, understanding systemic oppression, and reclaiming identity.
Spiritual Warfare: Prayer, fasting, and studying Scripture to resist the devil’s schemes (Ephesians 6:11-12).

How Black People Can Deal with Hatred

Dealing with hatred requires resilience, wisdom, and spiritual discernment:

Identity Affirmation: Embrace biblical and historical truths about heritage.
Psychological Healing: Engage in therapy, counseling, or group support to process generational trauma.
Advocacy and Leadership: Transform experiences of hatred into activism, mentorship, and leadership.
Forgiveness and Wisdom: Maintain a biblical posture of righteousness without compromising self-respect (Romans 12:17-21).

Conclusion

The hatred of Black people is both a historical and spiritual reality, sanctioned at times in Scripture for refinement, exploited by human sin, and magnified by Satan’s schemes. Yet Blackness carries divine meaning, and God equips His people to overcome hatred through faith, resilience, and wisdom. Understanding the interplay of biblical principles, psychological realities, and spiritual warfare empowers Black individuals and communities to thrive despite oppression. The journey from suffering to victory is both personal and communal, guided by Scripture, history, and divine purpose.

References

Biblical References (KJV)

Deuteronomy 28:37
1 Peter 5:8
Isaiah 41:10
John 10:10
Psalm 139:14
Genesis 50:20
Ephesians 6:11-12
Romans 12:17-21

Secondary Sources
Fanon, F. (1967). Black Skin, White Masks. Grove Press.

Grier, W. H., & Cobbs, P. M. (1968). Black Rage. Basic Books.

Harris, S. (2015). The Psychological Effects of Racism on African Americans. American Psychological Association.

West, C. (1993). Race Matters. Beacon Press.

Chosen, hebrews, israelites, The Most High

The Bible’s Secrets About Black People That Were Hidden.

30 Aug 2025 The Brown Girl Dilemma

*These photographs are the property of their respective owners. No copyright infringement intended.*

For centuries, the presence of Black people in the Bible has been minimized or obscured through Eurocentric interpretations of Scripture. Yet, the King James Version (KJV) and the Apocrypha contain numerous references to African nations, dark-skinned peoples, and the true identity of the children of Israel. These connections reveal that Black people were not only present but central to the biblical narrative.

Cush, Ham, and the African Lineage

The Bible traces much of the African world back to Ham, the son of Noah. Genesis 10 (the Table of Nations) records: “And the sons of Ham; Cush, and Mizraim, and Phut, and Canaan” (Genesis 10:6, KJV).

Cush refers to Ethiopia (modern Sudan/Ethiopia).
Mizraim refers to Egypt (Kemet).
Phut refers to Libya/North Africa.
Canaan refers to the land that Israel later inhabited.

This genealogy directly places Africans at the root of early civilization, showing that people of dark skin were present in the earliest biblical times.

The Israelites and Their Appearance

Many hidden scriptures reveal the physical appearance of Israel. Contrary to the Eurocentric depictions, the Bible describes Israel as a people of dark skin.

Jeremiah 8:21 (KJV): “For the hurt of the daughter of my people am I hurt; I am black; astonishment hath taken hold on me.”
Lamentations 5:10 (KJV): “Our skin was black like an oven because of the terrible famine.”
Song of Solomon 1:5-6 (KJV): “I am black, but comely, O ye daughters of Jerusalem, as the tents of Kedar, as the curtains of Solomon. Look not upon me, because I am black…”

These passages show that Israelite figures, including prophets and kings, were described with dark skin, connecting them to African and Afro-Asiatic peoples.

Egypt, Ethiopia, and Black Royalty

The Bible honors Ethiopia and Egypt as powerful nations:

Amos 9:7 (KJV): “Are ye not as children of the Ethiopians unto me, O children of Israel?” – God directly compares Israel to Ethiopians, emphasizing their shared heritage.
Jeremiah 13:23 (KJV): “Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots?” – highlighting the natural dark complexion of Africans.
Acts 8:27 (KJV): The Ethiopian eunuch, a royal servant of Candace, queen of Ethiopia, was one of the first Gentiles baptized, showing Africa’s early role in the spread of the Gospel.

The Apocrypha and Hidden Identity

The Apocrypha, often removed from modern Bibles, holds more insight into the suffering and scattering of Israel.

2 Esdras 6:54-56 (Apocrypha): Describes Israel as God’s chosen people above all nations, though later scattered.
2 Esdras 13:40-45 (Apocrypha): Describes the migration of the ten tribes of Israel into distant lands—interpreted by many as part of the scattering into Africa and eventually the Americas during slavery.
Baruch 2:29-30 (Apocrypha): “If ye will not hear my voice, surely this very great multitude shall be turned into a small number among the nations, where I will scatter them.”

This aligns with Deuteronomy 28, where curses were placed upon Israel for disobedience, including being taken on ships into slavery:

“And the LORD shall bring thee into Egypt again with ships… and there ye shall be sold unto your enemies for bondmen and bondwomen, and no man shall buy you” (Deuteronomy 28:68, KJV).

This prophecy eerily parallels the Transatlantic Slave Trade, where millions of Africans—descendants of Israel—were sold into bondage.

The Revelation of Christ’s Image

One of the most concealed truths involves the description of Christ Himself:

Revelation 1:14-15 (KJV):“His head and his hairs were white like wool, as white as snow; and his eyes were as a flame of fire; and his feet like unto fine brass, as if they burned in a furnace.”
- Hair like wool = texture associated with Black people.
- Feet like burned brass = a dark, brown/black complexion.

This description directly challenges Eurocentric images of a pale-skinned Christ.

Conclusion

The Bible contains profound truths about Black people that were long hidden through translation bias, colonialism, and Eurocentric theology. From the line of Ham and Cush to the descriptions of Israel’s skin color, from the curses of Deuteronomy 28 to the Apocryphal accounts of scattering, the evidence shows that Black people are deeply woven into the story of Scripture. The hidden truth is that the people of the Bible were not European, but Afro-Asiatic—people of color, many of whom would be recognized today as Black.

References

Holy Bible, King James Version.
The Apocrypha (2 Esdras, Baruch, Ecclesiasticus).
Ben-Jochannan, Y. (1993). African Origins of the Major Western Religions. Baltimore: Black Classic Press.
Windsor, R. (1969). From Babylon to Timbuktu: A History of Ancient Black Races Including the Black Hebrews. Atlanta: Windsor’s Golden Series.

narcissism, Narcissist, psychology, Toxic

Things You Never Do for a Narcissist

30 Aug 2025 The Brown Girl Dilemma

Narcissism is one of the most damaging personality traits a person can encounter, both in personal relationships and in spiritual life. Psychology defines narcissism as an inflated sense of self-importance and a deep need for admiration, often accompanied by a lack of empathy (APA, 2013). The Bible, however, warns of the same spirit long before psychology named it: “For men shall be lovers of their own selves, covetous, boasters, proud…” (2 Timothy 3:2, KJV). This essay will explore what narcissism is, the types identified by psychology, biblical parallels, and why boundaries are essential when dealing with narcissistic individuals.

What is Narcissism?

Narcissism originates from the Greek myth of Narcissus, who became so obsessed with his reflection that he wasted away by the water’s edge. Psychologically, this reflects an excessive preoccupation with the self. Spiritually, it represents pride, vanity, and rebellion against humility. The Bible speaks clearly: “God resisteth the proud, but giveth grace unto the humble” (James 4:6, KJV).

Modern psychology considers narcissism to exist on a spectrum, from healthy self-esteem to pathological narcissism. While a measure of self-confidence is necessary for functioning, narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is destructive, leaving behind broken relationships, emotional abuse, and cycles of manipulation (Campbell & Miller, 2011).

Types of Narcissism

Grandiose (Overt) Narcissism
- Traits: arrogance, entitlement, exploitation of others, constant demand for admiration.
- Biblical example: King Nebuchadnezzar, who exalted himself until God humbled him (Daniel 4:30-33).
- Scripture: “Pride goeth before destruction, and an haughty spirit before a fall” (Proverbs 16:18, KJV).
Vulnerable (Covert) Narcissism
- Traits: insecurity, hypersensitivity, passive-aggression, resentment when unrecognized.
- Biblical example: King Saul, whose insecurity about David’s success drove him to jealousy and rage (1 Samuel 18:8-9).
- Scripture: “Wrath is cruel, and anger is outrageous; but who is able to stand before envy?” (Proverbs 27:4, KJV).
Malignant Narcissism
- Traits: a combination of narcissism, antisocial behavior, aggression, and paranoia; often destructive without remorse.
- Biblical example: Herod the Great, who killed even his own family to maintain power (Matthew 2:16).
- Scripture: “The heart is deceitful above all things, and desperately wicked: who can know it?” (Jeremiah 17:9, KJV).
Communal Narcissism
- Traits: portraying oneself as moral, spiritual, or selfless for admiration, while lacking genuine humility.
- Biblical example: The Pharisees, who performed good deeds publicly to be praised rather than to serve God (Matthew 23:5).
- Scripture: “Woe unto you… for ye are like unto whited sepulchres, which indeed appear beautiful outward, but are within full of dead men’s bones” (Matthew 23:27, KJV).

Things You Never Do for a Narcissist

Dealing with narcissists requires wisdom, boundaries, and discernment. Both psychology and scripture caution against enabling their behavior.

Never sacrifice your identity for their approval.
- Narcissists often erode self-worth. Yet the Bible reminds us: “I will praise thee; for I am fearfully and wonderfully made” (Psalm 139:14, KJV).
Never excuse or enable their sin.
- Justifying manipulation keeps the cycle alive. Proverbs 17:15 says: “He that justifieth the wicked, and he that condemneth the just, even they both are abomination to the Lord.”
Never place them above God.
- Idolatry of people is dangerous, especially when they demand devotion. Exodus 20:3 declares: “Thou shalt have no other gods before me.”
Never expect reciprocity.
- Narcissists give conditionally, always expecting return. Jesus, however, taught sacrificial love: “It is more blessed to give than to receive” (Acts 20:35, KJV).
Never remain in bondage to their control.
- Psychology calls this “narcissistic abuse syndrome,” where victims internalize blame and fear. The Bible affirms liberty: “Stand fast therefore in the liberty wherewith Christ hath made us free” (Galatians 5:1, KJV).

Psychology and Scripture in Agreement

While psychology explains narcissism as a personality disorder rooted in insecurity and developmental wounds, the Bible diagnoses it as pride and rebellion against God. Both perspectives converge on the same truth: unchecked narcissism destroys relationships, exploits the vulnerable, and leads to personal downfall.

Top 10 Things You Never Do for a Narcissist

1. Never Sacrifice Your Identity to Please Them

Narcissists will try to reshape you into what benefits them.
Scripture: “Be not conformed to this world: but be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind” (Romans 12:2, KJV).
Psychology Insight: Maintaining your authentic self is key to resisting narcissistic control.

2. Never Excuse or Justify Their Sinful Behavior

They will rationalize manipulation, lying, or arrogance. Don’t become their enabler.
Scripture: “He that justifieth the wicked… even they both are abomination to the Lord” (Proverbs 17:15, KJV).
Psychology Insight: Excusing abuse creates a cycle of reinforcement and deepens narcissistic traits.

3. Never Expect Empathy or Reciprocity

Narcissists struggle to give genuine compassion.
Scripture: “The merciful man doeth good to his own soul: but he that is cruel troubleth his own flesh” (Proverbs 11:17, KJV).
Psychology Insight: Expecting reciprocity sets you up for disappointment and further emotional harm.

4. Never Place Them Above God

Their need for worship can turn into idolatry.
Scripture: “Thou shalt have no other gods before me” (Exodus 20:3, KJV).
Psychology Insight: Elevating someone unhealthy above your faith and values creates spiritual and emotional bondage.

5. Never Believe Their False Narratives About You

Narcissists project their flaws onto others through gaslighting.
Scripture: “Ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free” (John 8:32, KJV).
Psychology Insight: Recognize projection for what it is—self-defense mechanisms, not truth.

6. Never Stay Silent About Abuse

Silence only empowers control.
Scripture: “Open thy mouth for the dumb in the cause of all such as are appointed to destruction” (Proverbs 31:8, KJV).
Psychology Insight: Speaking up and seeking support are vital steps in breaking free from narcissistic abuse.

7. Never Rely on Them for Validation

They withhold affirmation to control your self-worth.
Scripture: “I will praise thee; for I am fearfully and wonderfully made” (Psalm 139:14, KJV).
Psychology Insight: Build self-esteem through healthy relationships and inner healing, not their approval.

8. Never Think You Can Change Them

Many hope love or patience will transform a narcissist.
Scripture: “Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots? then may ye also do good, that are accustomed to do evil” (Jeremiah 13:23, KJV).
Psychology Insight: True change requires deep self-awareness and therapy—something narcissists rarely pursue.

9. Never Stay in Constant Conflict

Narcissists thrive on drama and control through chaos.
Scripture: “It is an honour for a man to cease from strife: but every fool will be meddling” (Proverbs 20:3, KJV).
Psychology Insight: Refusing to engage in endless arguments protects your peace and mental health.

10. Never Forget to Guard Your Soul and Boundaries

Boundaries are not selfish; they are protective.
Scripture: “Keep thy heart with all diligence; for out of it are the issues of life” (Proverbs 4:23, KJV).
Psychology Insight: Boundaries prevent exploitation and create space for healing and freedom.

✅ Summary: Both psychology and the Bible agree—narcissists thrive on control, manipulation, and pride. Your job is to safeguard your identity, maintain boundaries, and place God above all human relationships.

Conclusion

To deal with narcissists wisely, one must neither enable nor idolize them. Instead, the believer is called to humility, discernment, and boundary-setting. Psychology provides strategies for self-protection, while the Bible provides the spiritual foundation to resist manipulation. Ultimately, healing comes through recognizing one’s identity in Christ and refusing to be enslaved by the destructive patterns of narcissistic people.

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2011). The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Holy Bible, King James Version.

men, the brown boy dilemma

What to Ask a Man to See if He Is Serious About You.

30 Aug 2025 The Brown Girl Dilemma

Photo by Jean-Daniel Francoeur on Pexels.com

Biblical Discernment and Psychological Wisdom in Relationships

In the realm of relationships, discernment is essential. The Bible cautions believers to exercise wisdom and not to be deceived by empty words or fleeting promises. Ephesians 5:6 (KJV) warns, “Let no man deceive you with vain words.” This timeless admonition aligns with psychological research, which stresses the importance of communication in testing the authenticity of a partner’s intentions. Asking the right questions allows women to distinguish between superficial interest and genuine commitment, thereby safeguarding their emotional and spiritual well-being.

Biblical Guidance and Psychological Insight for Relationship Discernment

1. Ask About Faith and Values

Question: “What place does God and faith hold in your life?”

Biblical Basis: “Be ye not unequally yoked together with unbelievers” (2 Corinthians 6:14, KJV).
Psychological Insight: Shared values are essential for long-term relationship satisfaction (Stanley, Rhoades, & Whitton, 2010).
What to Listen For: A man who speaks honestly about his spiritual life and moral compass demonstrates alignment with principles that foster stability, trust, and mutual respect.

2. Ask About Future Goals

Question: “Where do you see yourself in five to ten years?”

Biblical Basis: “Where there is no vision, the people perish” (Proverbs 29:18, KJV).
Psychological Insight: Goal-oriented individuals are more likely to have stable, resilient relationships.
What to Listen For: Look for clarity and ambition that matches your life vision. A serious man has plans but is also flexible and considerate of partnership growth.

3. Ask About Commitment and Love

Question: “How do you define love and commitment in a relationship?”

Biblical Basis: “Husbands, love your wives, even as Christ also loved the church, and gave himself for it” (Ephesians 5:25, KJV).
Psychological Insight: Sternberg’s triangular theory of love emphasizes commitment, intimacy, and trust as essential for enduring relationships.
What to Listen For: A man should view commitment as a covenant, not convenience, and demonstrate an understanding of love as action and responsibility.

4. Ask About Past Challenges and Growth

Question: “What lessons have you learned from past relationships?”

Biblical Basis: “Even a fool, when he holdeth his peace, is counted wise” (Proverbs 17:28, KJV).
Psychological Insight: Emotional intelligence grows from reflection on past experiences.
What to Listen For: Honest reflection shows maturity, self-awareness, and a willingness to grow—qualities that support long-term relationship success.

5. Observe Consistency Between Words and Actions

Guiding Principle: “Ye shall know them by their fruits” (Matthew 7:16, KJV).

Psychological Insight: Behavioral consistency is a strong predictor of character and relationship reliability.
What to Watch For: Actions must align with promises. A serious man demonstrates reliability, accountability, and follow-through in both small and significant matters.

6. Protect Your Heart with Silence and Patience

Guiding Principle: “Keep thy heart with all diligence; for out of it are the issues of life” (Proverbs 4:23, KJV).

Psychological Insight: Patience in discernment prevents emotional vulnerability and promotes wise decision-making.
Practice: Avoid revealing all your heart too soon. Let his responses and actions reveal his seriousness over time.

The first question centers on faith and values: “What place does God and faith hold in your life?” The Bible makes it clear that spiritual alignment is critical, stating, “Be ye not unequally yoked together with unbelievers” (2 Corinthians 6:14, KJV). From a psychological standpoint, shared values form the foundation for long-term relationship satisfaction (Stanley, Rhoades, & Whitton, 2010). A man who can articulate how his faith and moral compass guide his life reveals not only spiritual depth but also a framework for decision-making and responsibility.

Another crucial inquiry involves future goals and vision: “Where do you see yourself in five to ten years?” Proverbs 29:18 (KJV) declares, “Where there is no vision, the people perish.” A man’s ability to communicate a clear sense of direction reflects maturity and foresight. Psychologically, individuals with goal orientation and planning skills demonstrate higher relationship stability and resilience under stress. By exploring a man’s future aspirations, a woman can determine if his vision harmonizes with her own, ensuring compatibility beyond momentary attraction.

Equally vital is the question of commitment and responsibility: “How do you define love and commitment in a relationship?” Scripture defines love not merely as sentiment but as sacrifice and action: “Husbands, love your wives, even as Christ also loved the church, and gave himself for it” (Ephesians 5:25, KJV). Psychology likewise distinguishes between infatuation and enduring love, emphasizing commitment, intimacy, and trust as key elements of a stable partnership (Sternberg, 1986). A man who views commitment as covenant rather than convenience shows readiness for serious, long-term union.

Discernment also requires listening not only to the words spoken but to the consistency between speech and behavior. Jesus Himself taught, “Ye shall know them by their fruits” (Matthew 7:16, KJV). In psychology, this aligns with behavioral consistency theory, which holds that actions over time reveal true character. A man may offer persuasive answers, but if his actions contradict his words, his seriousness must be questioned. Thus, observation and patience are as important as the questions themselves.

In conclusion, asking a man about his faith, his vision, and his understanding of commitment provides a window into his heart and intentions. By blending biblical wisdom with psychological principles, women are empowered to discern whether a relationship is rooted in truth or illusion. Silence and patience in waiting for honest answers further protect the heart from unnecessary pain. As Proverbs 4:23 (KJV) reminds us, “Keep thy heart with all diligence; for out of it are the issues of life.”

📚 References

Stanley, S. M., Rhoades, G. K., & Whitton, S. W. (2010). Commitment: Functions, formation, and the securing of romantic attachment. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 2(3), 243–257.
Sternberg, R. J. (1986). A triangular theory of love. Psychological Review, 93(2), 119–135.
The Holy Bible, King James Version.

God is Guide, Hope, sin, Suicide, the brown boy dilemma, the brown girl dilemma

Suicide: Understanding, Prevention, and Hope.

30 Aug 2025 The Brown Girl Dilemma

Psychology, Biblical Perspective, and Practical Guidance

Suicide is the act of intentionally ending one’s own life, often resulting from overwhelming emotional pain, hopelessness, or mental illness. Psychology identifies suicide as a complex phenomenon influenced by depression, anxiety, trauma, and feelings of isolation (Joiner, 2005). Biblically, life is sacred: “Thou shalt not kill” (Exodus 20:13, KJV), which includes oneself. Understanding the root causes of suicidal thoughts and offering support can save lives.

Those considering suicide often feel hopeless and trapped. They may perceive their problems as insurmountable and believe that death is the only escape. Psychologists emphasize that suicidal ideation is frequently a sign of treatable mental health conditions, including depression, bipolar disorder, or severe anxiety (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Scripture provides hope and encouragement: “Why art thou cast down, O my soul? and why art thou disquieted within me? hope thou in God” (Psalm 42:11, KJV). Loss of hope can be addressed through counseling, spiritual guidance, and community support.

If someone expresses suicidal thoughts, it is critical to act immediately. Encourage them to speak openly, listen without judgment, and validate their feelings. Professional help should be sought urgently. In the United States, individuals can call or text 988, the Suicide and Crisis Lifeline, available 24/7. Internationally, hotlines vary, but local mental health services or hospitals can provide immediate support.

Talking someone out of suicide involves empathy, presence, and reassurance. Avoid minimizing their feelings or giving simplistic solutions. Ask questions like, “Would you tell me what’s causing you to feel this way?” or “Can we find help together?” Show them that they are valued and not alone. Psychological research demonstrates that active listening, emotional validation, and connecting individuals to professional care significantly reduce risk (Gould et al., 2012).

Suicide carries severe emotional, social, and spiritual consequences for the individual and those left behind. Survivors often experience guilt, grief, and trauma. Even temporary thoughts of suicide are dangerous and require immediate attention. Biblical encouragement reminds us: “The LORD is nigh unto them that are of a broken heart; and saveth such as be of a contrite spirit” (Psalm 34:18, KJV). Life is precious, and hope can be restored.

Tragically, suicide affects people across all walks of life, including celebrities. Examples include Robin Williams, an acclaimed actor and comedian, who died by suicide in 2014, reportedly after battling depression and Lewy body dementia. Their deaths highlight that fame and success do not prevent despair and underline the urgency of awareness, intervention, and mental health care. Their stories can serve as a reminder to watch for warning signs in ourselves and others.

The solution to preventing suicide involves support, counseling, medical care, and spiritual encouragement. Encourage therapy, psychiatric evaluation, or support groups. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) are evidence-based approaches that reduce suicidal ideation (Linehan, 1993). Spiritual guidance through prayer, mentorship, and faith communities can also restore hope. Scriptures such as Jeremiah 29:11 (KJV): “For I know the thoughts that I think toward you, saith the LORD, thoughts of peace, and not of evil, to give you an expected end” affirm that life has purpose and hope.

How to Help Someone Considering Suicide

1. Recognize the Warning Signs

Talking about wanting to die or kill oneself.
Expressing hopelessness or feeling trapped.
Withdrawing from friends, family, or activities.
Extreme mood swings or reckless behavior.
Psalm 34:18 (KJV): “The LORD is nigh unto them that are of a broken heart; and saveth such as be of a contrite spirit.”

2. Take It Seriously

Never dismiss their feelings or assume they’re seeking attention.
Acknowledge their pain and validate their emotions.
James 1:19 (KJV): “Let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath.”

3. Ask Directly

Questions like: “Are you thinking about killing yourself?” or “Do you have a plan?”
Research shows asking about suicide does not increase risk and opens dialogue (Gould et al., 2012).

4. Listen Without Judgment

Offer empathy, patience, and understanding.
Avoid criticism or offering simplistic solutions.
Romans 12:15 (KJV): “Rejoice with them that do rejoice, and weep with them that weep.”

5. Encourage Professional Help

Connect them with trained counselors, therapists, or psychiatrists.
Evidence-based therapies like CBT and DBT reduce suicidal ideation (Linehan, 1993).

6. Provide Crisis Resources

U.S. National Suicide & Crisis Lifeline: Call or text 988 (24/7).
Encourage immediate help if danger is imminent.
For international numbers, consult local mental health services or hotlines.

7. Remove Immediate Means of Harm

Safely secure medications, firearms, or sharp objects.
Reducing access can prevent impulsive attempts and save lives.

8. Offer Hope and Spiritual Encouragement

Remind them that life has purpose and that help exists.
Jeremiah 29:11 (KJV): “For I know the thoughts that I think toward you, saith the LORD, thoughts of peace, and not of evil, to give you an expected end.”
Prayer, fellowship, and consistent support reinforce hope.

9. Follow Up and Stay Connected

Check in regularly, maintain contact, and continue support.
Consistent presence reduces isolation and strengthens coping.

10. Take Care of Yourself

Supporting someone in crisis can be emotionally challenging.
Seek guidance from professionals, mentors, or faith leaders to maintain your own well-being.

In conclusion, suicide is preventable. Awareness of the signs, compassionate intervention, professional support, and faith-based encouragement are crucial. If you or someone you know is considering suicide, call 988 in the U.S. or reach out to local mental health services immediately. Life is sacred, hope is real, and help is available. Encouraging words, listening ears, and professional care can save lives and restore purpose even in the darkest moments.

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: APA.
Gould, M. S., Greenberg, T., Velting, D. M., & Shaffer, D. (2012). Youth suicide risk and preventive interventions: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(1), 11–31.
Joiner, T. (2005). Why people die by suicide. Harvard University Press.
Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. Guilford Press.
The Holy Bible, King James Version.
Suicide & Crisis Lifeline. (n.d.). Call or text 988 (U.S.) for immediate assistance.

Africa, american history, Biblical Precepts, black history

Dilemma: Slavery – Chains Across the Waters: The Transatlantic Slave Trade, Biblical Prophecy, and the Legacy of Black Enslavement

30 Aug 2025 The Brown Girl Dilemma

“We Came in the Bottom of Ships”

We came in the bottom of ships, not dreams,
Chained like thunder beneath wooden beams,
Torn from kingdoms kissed by the sun,
From the drums of Dahomey, to the rivers of the Congo run.

We were Igbo, Ashanti, Hebrew, and Ewe,
Mothers of wisdom, warriors of sway,
Fathers of iron, scribes of the scroll,
Our names were gold—but they bartered our soul.

The wind was not freedom but fury and foam,
As they stacked our breath in a floating tomb.
“Amistad,” “Brookes,” and “Jesus” they sailed,
Yet Christ wept each time those hulls prevailed.

We sang in the dark where no sun reached,
We prayed in a tongue they could not breach.
Deuteronomy cried from the sacred page,
“You shall go into Egypt again”—the prophecy aged.

They whipped us at dawn, and raped through the night,
Took our children and robbed us of sight.
Taught us to bow and forget who we were,
Yet our blood remembered—we came from the Word.

On blocks we stood like cattle and coin,
Sold by the pound, bruised in the groin.
Names lost—Tamar, Kofi, Yaira, Adebayo—
Now called Jack, or Belle, or Uncle Sam’s shadow.

We built this land—its wealth, its walls,
With cotton-picked hands and freedom’s calls.
We bled in silence, we ran, we fought,
We learned to read, though they said we could not.

They broke our backs, but not our will,
For Harriet moved by the Spirit still.
And Frederick wrote fire with a bleeding pen,
While Nat Turner rose like a lion again.

Now we dance in Juneteenth’s flame,
Remembering each forgotten name.
From chains to chants, from songs to speech,
Still reaching the freedom they dared not teach.

So when you ask where our story begins,
It does not start in chains or sins—
But in a garden, in a scroll, in ancient breath—
Slavery was a shadow. But we are not death.
We are prophecy walking. We are Judah’s drum.
We are the voice that says: “Let my people come.”

The transatlantic slave trade remains one of the darkest stains in human history—marked by over four centuries of systemic oppression, brutality, and the forced migration of millions of African men, women, and children. Black people were enslaved in the Americas for approximately 246 years, from 1619 to 1865, and the aftershocks of this atrocity continue to reverberate in modern society. The origin, scale, and spiritual context of this historical trauma require a deep examination of not only the ships and auction blocks but also the prophetic echoes found in Scripture, particularly Deuteronomy 28.

Origins of African Slavery: Historical and Spiritual Roots

The transatlantic slave trade began in the late 15th century, with European powers—especially Portugal, Britain, Spain, France, and the Netherlands—establishing trading posts along the western coasts of Africa. Africans were kidnapped or sold by rival tribes, many through warfare or debt bondage, and transported across the Atlantic Ocean in horrific conditions.

According to Deuteronomy 28:68 (KJV):

“And the Lord shall bring thee into Egypt again with ships, by the way whereof I spake unto thee, Thou shalt see it no more again: and there ye shall be sold unto your enemies for bondmen and bondwomen, and no man shall buy you.”

This verse is widely cited in Hebraic Israelite theology as a prophetic reference to the transatlantic slave trade, wherein descendants of the biblical Israelites—believed by many to be the so-called African Americans—would be carried in ships to a new “Egypt” (a house of bondage).

Slave Ports and African Origins

Most of the enslaved Africans came from West and Central Africa, regions that include modern-day:

Ghana
Nigeria
Benin
Senegal
Angola
Sierra Leone

The major slave embarkation points were on the Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Slave Coast, and Bight of Biafra.

There is evidence that Shemites—descendants of Shem, one of Noah’s sons—lived in parts of Africa, particularly among Hebrew-speaking tribes such as the Igbo of Nigeria, the Akan of Ghana, and others who retained oral traditions, circumcision practices, and laws similar to ancient Israel (Hotep, 2016).

Slave Ships and Death at Sea

The names of infamous slave ships included:

The Brookes
The Henrietta Marie
The Jesus of Lübeck (ironically owned by Queen Elizabeth I)
La Amistad

Conditions aboard these ships were inhumane. Africans were shackled, stacked tightly in cargo holds with little air, and barely fed. It is estimated that at least 1.8 million of the 12.5 million enslaved Africans died during the Middle Passage (Eltis & Richardson, 2010).

The story of La Amistad (1839) stands out as one of resistance. Enslaved Mende Africans, led by Sengbe Pieh (Cinqué), rebelled against their Spanish captors. The case reached the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled in favor of the Africans’ freedom—marking a rare legal victory for Black resistance.

Slavery in America and the World

Slavery existed globally, but the transatlantic slave trade was uniquely brutal and racialized. Other nations that held African slaves included:

Brazil
Cuba
The Caribbean colonies
Spain
Portugal
France
The Netherlands

In North America, enslaved people were forced into:

Plantation labor (cotton, sugar, tobacco)
Domestic service
Skilled crafts
Childbearing (as a source of wealth)

They were often sold at public slave auctions, stripped naked, examined like livestock, and renamed with European or Anglo-Christian names. Most were forced to abandon their original Hebrew names, cultural identities, and languages, such as Ewe, Igbo, Wolof, Yoruba, and Akan.

Sexual Violence and Psychological Warfare

Slavery in America was not only physical but also psychological and sexual. “Buck breaking” was a barbaric method where enslaved Black men were raped or publicly humiliated to break their spirit and deter rebellion. It is hard to quantify, but tens of thousands of Black women were also raped by white slave masters, often forced to bear children who were legally still enslaved under the status of the mother (partus sequitur ventrem).

The Abolition of Slavery

Slavery in the United States was abolished in 1865 with the ratification of the 13th Amendment, pushed forward by the efforts of abolitionists like Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, and William Lloyd Garrison, as well as President Abraham Lincoln‘s Emancipation Proclamation (1863).

Slave Narratives and Overcoming

One of the most famous narratives is that of Harriet Jacobs, author of Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, who detailed her harrowing experiences as a sexually abused enslaved woman.

Another is Frederick Douglass, who escaped slavery, taught himself to read, and became one of the greatest orators and writers in American history. His book Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845) exposed the cruelty of slavery and helped ignite the abolitionist movement.

Modern Black Celebration and Resilience

Today, Black Americans honor their ancestors and freedom through:

Juneteenth (June 19th, the date when the last slaves in Texas were freed in 1865)
Black History Month
Kwanzaa
Passover Celebrations (among Hebrew Israelites)

Is the Condition of Black People Better Today?

While legal slavery has been abolished, systemic racism, mass incarceration, police brutality, and economic disparities persist. Nevertheless, the resilience, innovation, and cultural power of Black people have reshaped nations—from political powerhouses like Barack Obama to cultural icons like Maya Angelou and Malcolm X.

Conclusion

Slavery was not merely a historical event; it was a fulfillment of biblical prophecy, a global enterprise fueled by greed and racial supremacy, and a foundational trauma in the American story. Understanding its full scope—both physically and spiritually—allows us to honor those who perished, those who resisted, and those who still rise today.

References

Berlin, I. (2003). Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves. Harvard University Press.
Deuteronomy 28:68. (n.d.). The Holy Bible, King James Version.
Eltis, D., & Richardson, D. (2010). Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Yale University Press.
Douglass, F. (1845). Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. Boston: Anti-Slavery Office.
Jacobs, H. (1861). Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Boston: Thayer & Eldridge.
Hotep, D. (2016). The African Hebrews: Biblical Israelites in Africa. Afrikan Mind Publishing.
Lovejoy, P. E. (2000). Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. Cambridge University Press.

Biblical Precepts, marriage, psychology, Relationships

Bridging the Divide: Rebuilding Appreciation Between Black Men and Black Women

29 Aug 2025 The Brown Girl Dilemma

The relationship between Black men and Black women is historically complex, shaped by centuries of systemic oppression, cultural evolution, and personal experiences. At its best, it is a partnership rooted in shared struggle, resilience, and cultural pride. At its worst, it is marred by misunderstanding, mistrust, and internalized stereotypes. Addressing this dynamic requires honesty about desires, challenges, and the spiritual foundation of mutual respect.

Do Black Men Feel Appreciated by Black Women—and Vice Versa?

Appreciation is often mutual but not always equally expressed. Many Black men report feeling valued for their strength, protection, and leadership, yet some also express frustration at being misunderstood or overly criticized. Likewise, Black women often feel celebrated for their resilience and beauty, but also burdened by societal expectations to be endlessly strong. According to psychologist Dr. Joy DeGruy (2005), the lingering effects of slavery and Jim Crow created fractured gender dynamics within the Black community, making full appreciation more difficult to maintain.

What Black Men Want from Black Women

Studies suggest that Black men often value loyalty, respect, emotional support, physical attraction, and shared cultural understanding (Pew Research Center, 2019). Many emphasize the need for a partner who believes in their vision and offers encouragement during life’s challenges. Spiritually, Proverbs 31 paints the image of a virtuous woman whose strength, wisdom, and kindness are deeply respected.

What Black Women Want from Black Men

Black women frequently prioritize protection, emotional intimacy, faithfulness, ambition, and the ability to lead with humility. They also value vulnerability—a man willing to communicate and share his inner struggles rather than hiding them. The Song of Solomon illustrates a loving relationship where both partners delight in and honor one another without power struggles or mistrust.

Traits Black Men Look for in a Mate

Kindness and compassion
Physical beauty and attraction
Intelligence and ambition
Faith and shared values
Supportive spirit and respect for his role

These traits are not universal to all Black men but are frequently expressed in surveys and relationship studies.

Problems Between Black Men and Black Women

Historical oppression fostered systemic issues—mass incarceration, economic inequality, and disrupted family structures—that created tension in gender relations. Some Black men may feel disrespected or unappreciated, while some Black women feel unsupported or abandoned. Cultural portrayals often fuel conflict, with music, film, and social media promoting narratives of distrust, promiscuity, and materialism rather than unity and cooperation.

Why Do Some Black People Marry Outside Their Race?

Interracial marriage can stem from genuine attraction, shared interests, or proximity in diverse environments. However, research also points to the influence of colorism and Eurocentric beauty ideals, which may cause some to idealize white partners over Black ones (Hunter, 2007). This preference is not universal, but it reflects the lingering impact of colonialism and media representation.

Do Black Men Prefer White Women?

While a small portion of Black men express a preference for white women, most Black men in the U.S. marry Black women (Pew Research Center, 2017). Media narratives often exaggerate interracial dating trends, which can feed mistrust within the community.

Negative Stereotypes Black People Have Against Each Other

Against Black Women: “Angry Black Woman,” “Gold Digger,” “Overly Independent,” “Too Masculine.”
Against Black Men: “Absent Father,” “Player/Womanizer,” “Lazy,” “Unemotional,” “Dusty,” “Too Wimpy,” “Lack of Masculinity.”

These stereotypes, rooted in racist propaganda, damage relationships by reinforcing distrust and limiting the ability to see one another as complex, individual human beings.

How Can We Appreciate Each Other More?

Active Listening – Hearing each other without defensiveness.
Affirmation – Expressing gratitude for contributions and sacrifices.
Cultural Pride – Celebrating shared heritage rather than competing.
Partnership in Purpose – Building families, businesses, and ministries together.
Forgiveness – Releasing past hurts to embrace a better future.

What Does the Bible Say About How We Should Treat Each Other?

Scripture is clear about mutual respect and love:

Ephesians 5:25 – “Husbands, love your wives, even as Christ also loved the church, and gave himself for it.”
Proverbs 31:30 – “Favour is deceitful, and beauty is vain: but a woman that feareth the LORD, she shall be praised.”
1 Peter 3:7 – “Husbands, dwell with them according to knowledge, giving honour unto the wife.”
Matthew 7:12 – “Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them.”
Ecclesiastes 4:9–10 – “Two are better than one… For if they fall, the one will lift up his fellow.”

The Bible commands love, honor, and humility between men and women. If these principles guided every relationship, many of today’s relational wounds in the Black community could be healed.

References

DeGruy, J. (2005). Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome: America’s legacy of enduring injury and healing. Uptone Press.
Hunter, M. (2007). The persistent problem of colorism: Skin tone, status, and inequality. Sociology Compass, 1(1), 237–254.
Pew Research Center. (2017). Intermarriage in the U.S. 50 years after Loving v. Virginia. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org
Pew Research Center. (2019). Race in America: Public attitudes toward race relations. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org