Category Archives: black history

black history, colorism, www.thebrowngirldilemma.com

Dilemma: Slavery

As indicated by the didactic systems of this world, the Negroes were brought to the Americas by slave ships in 1619 were beaten, raped, murdered and forced to work as slaves on plantations for 400 + years with poor living conditions, no rights or pay. They cried. They prayed. They obeyed. The cries of the slaves were heard by our God so he raised up – President Abraham Lincoln – who signed the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 which freed the slaves. This action pissed off the white nationalists that felt compelled to ensure that we were still enslaved to the system. They passed the Jim Crow laws for segregation. Then later that was demolished by the civil rights movement in the sixties. We became “Black and Proud” Then in 2008, a black senator from Chicago “Barack Obama” became the first black president of the United States. Did anything really change?

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WHO DO THEY SAY WE ARE?

And thou shalt become an astonishment, a proverb, and a byword, among all nations whither the Lord shall lead thee. Deuteronomy 28:37 KJV

NIGGERS * SPICS *COONS * DARKIES * BLACK * UGLY * MULATTOS *FEEBLE MINDED * UNFIT * IMBECILES * IMMORAL * CRIMINAL * CATTLE * SLAVES NEGROES * AFRO THIS OR THAT *MONKIES * SAVAGES * COLORED *JUNGLE BUNNIES * DIRT *JIGABOOS * ANIMALS *WET BACKS * SPOOKS *SAMBOO * ASIATIC BLACK MIXED * BIRACIAL* MULTIRACIAL * BURNT And so forth… Code words used to establish slavery.

1619-1834 Slaves

1834-1892 Coons/Colored

1892-1934 Niggers/Niggas

1934-1970 Boy/Africans

1970-1983 Afro Americans

1983-2002 Black Americans

2002-2016 African Americans

We exist under the myriad complexities of slavery even today

🌐 Slavery: Origins, Transformations & Enduring Legacy

🌍 1. The Global Scope of Slavery

Key nations involved in transatlantic slavery included 🇵🇹 Portugal, 🇪🇸 Spain, 🇬🇧 Great Britain, 🇫🇷 France, 🇳🇱 Netherlands, 🇩🇰 Denmark, 🇺🇸 the United States, and 🇧🇷 Brazil. These nations forcibly transported over 12.5 million Africans to the Americas between the 16th and 19th centuries; approximately 1.8 million perished during the Middle Passage due to disease, starvation, or abuse (Transatlantic Slave Trade database; Colonialism background) Wikipedia.

🚢 2. The Middle Passage & Auction Blocks

Enslaved Africans were chained in unsanitary, overcrowded ships; an estimated 15–20% died en route. Survivors endured auctions in which families were torn apart, inspected like livestock, and sold to plantation owners (Guardian report on slave ship excavation) .

📜 3. The “Why” Behind Slavery

Slavery emerged from the economic imperative of colonial powers seeking cheap labor for labor-intensive industries like sugar, cotton, tobacco, and mining. Race-based justification was fabricated through “scientific racism” and mythologies of White supremacist hierarchy. Slavery offered enormous profits, shaping the economic foundations of Western empires (UN, ILO, and colonial histories) .

📚 4. Multigenerational Impact on Black Communities

Slavery’s lasting effects include systemic inequality across wealth, health, education, and incarceration:

  • Wealth: Black households in the U.S. have approximately 10–12× less median wealth than White households, a disparity rooted in generations of discriminatory policies and denied opportunities (NumberAnalytics; Pew) Wikipedia+9Number Analytics+9Monthly Review+9.

  • Health: Counties with formerly high slave populations now have lower life expectancy for Black residents, even when controlling for current health access and behaviors (Reece, 2022) cola.utexas.edu.

  • Incarceration and Justice: Black individuals are heavily overrepresented in prison, and disproportionately subject to police violence (National Council of Churches; Pew data) nationalcouncilofchurches.us.

🧬 5. Colorism, the Willie Lynch Myth & Internal Division

  • Enslavers often favored lighter‑skinned individuals as house staff, while darker‑skinned people were relegated to labor in the fields.

  • The widely-circulated Willie Lynch Letter—which outlines racial division tactics—is considered a forgery, but it reflects how colorism was used to divide enslaved populations. Modern studies confirm that lighter-skinned Black individuals are often afforded social and economic privilege (Hochschild & Weaver, 2007) Number Analytics+14SpringerOpen+14National Alliance to End Homelessness+14.

😱 6. Physical and Psychological Terror

Public torture methods—such as chaining Black men behind horses, sexual violence, and humiliation—were tools of terror. Infants born of rape were frequently killed or sold; mythic accounts claim some were fed to alligators in captivity in the Deep South (historical anecdotal reports).

📜 7. Slavery and Scripture

Slavery within biblical prophecy is referenced in Deuteronomy 28 and Baruch 4:6 (Apocrypha)—warnings that disobedience can result in exile and bondage. These texts have been interpreted to parallel the exile and forced dispersal of Africans during the transatlantic slave trade .

🕊️ 8. Emancipation & Its Limits

In 1863, President Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation declared freedom for enslaved people in Confederate-held territories. While symbolic, it did not end slavery in Union border states nor guarantee civil rights—these required the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments and persistent activism .

🔄 9. Evolution into Modern Slavery

Although chattel slavery was abolished globally, modern slavery persists in the form of human trafficking, debt bondage, forced labor, and sexual exploitation. Today there are an estimated 27.6 million forced laborers globally, with forced labor generating $236 billion in illicit profits annually (ILO, modern slavery reports) AP News+1BBC+1.

🚔 10. Racism in Policing & Public Violence

Systemic racial bias continues in policing. The murder of George Floyd in 2020—and similar cases involving Breonna Taylor, Ahmaud Arbery, and others—reflect a long lineage of state-sanctioned violence. In 2021, Black Americans accounted for 27% of police killings despite being 13% of the population (police violence datasets) .

🧠 11. Psychological & Social Ramifications

Historians and sociologists posit that enduring trauma from slavery has negatively impacted self-perception, psychological health, and community identity among Black people. As stated in Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome by Dr. Joy DeGruy, the intergenerational effects must be addressed holistically nationalcouncilofchurches.us.

🖋️ Quote to Frame the Discussion:

“Race is not a biological reality but a social creation—a powerful illusion that has justified the enslavement and marginalization of generations.”
— Audrey Smedley & Brian Smedley, 2007

📌 Summary Table

Theme Key Points
Origins of Slavery Economic incentives, colonial expansion, racial hierarchy
Psychological Legacy Trauma, colorism, internalized inferiority
Structural Continuation Income gap, health disparities, policing and incarceration
Modern Manifestations Human trafficking, forced labor, systemic racism

🧪 Why It Matters for Today

Understanding slavery and its modern permutations is essential to recognizing and dismantling systemic racism. Its legacy remains deeply embedded in global institutions, justice systems, economic outcomes, and cultural perceptions. Only through unmasking the roots of these structures—including race as illusion—can meaningful progress toward equity be possible.

🌍 Global Scope of Slavery & Racism

🇵🇹 Portugal, 🇬🇧 Britain, 🇫🇷 France, 🇪🇸 Spain, 🇳🇱 Netherlands, 🇩🇰 Denmark, 🇺🇸 United States, 🇧🇷 Brazil — these nations transported approximately 12.5 million Africans across the Atlantic from the 16th to the 19th century, with around 1.8 million perishing en route Let Africa Speak+2Wikipedia+2Wikipedia+2.

🚢 The Middle Passage & Mortality

At auctions, enslaved families were separated, stripped of identity, inspected as livestock, and sold to the highest bidder, cementing their status as property.

💡 Defining Race and Racism

“Race is a social tool—an illusion crafted to categorize, divide, and suppress.”

The biological concept of race has no scientific basis—traits like melanin vary independently of behavior or intelligence. Racism is the ideology stemming from this illusion, elevating one “race” while oppressing others. It thrives because people unaware of their heritage often believe and perpetuate its false narratives.

⚖️ Biblical Context: Deuteronomy 28

Scripture warns that disobedience to the Most High can lead to national punishment and exile—“Ye were sold to the nations… delivered unto the enemies” (Baruch 4:6). In Christian thought, some interpret this as linking Israelite exile to the African diaspora.

🧬 Colorism & Internal Hierarchies

  • Lighter-skinned Black individuals were often given “privileged” roles—house servants vs. field workers.

  • The purported Willie Lynch Letter describes how slaveowners sought to exploit color and age divisions—though historians widely agree it is a forgery Jim Crow Museum+7Wikipedia+7Academia+7.

  • Today, colorism continues to impact self-esteem and social mobility within communities Academia+4Academia+4Jim Crow Museum+4.

👶 Interracial Births & Infant Cruelty

  • Enslaved women who were raped often bore mixed-race children—many killed or sold off early to conceal lineage.

  • Reports persist—though scarce—of atrocities including feeding infants to alligators, a testament to dehumanization.

🐎 Violence & Torture By Enslavers

  • Black men were publicly tortured—pulled behind horses, castrated, or subjected to rape and humiliation—to maintain white dominance .

🧬 Early Slavery Origins & Geographies

  • Chattel slavery dates as far back as ancient Mesopotamia but became global with Muslim North African and Ottoman enslavement of Europeans and Africans.

  • Transatlantic slavery began in the 1400s, with Portugal leading, followed by Spain, Britain, France, and the Netherlands .

🇺🇸 The Emancipation Proclamation

On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln declared all enslaved people in Confederate territories “forever free.” However, the proclamation didn’t end slavery in Union states or guarantee full civil rights—those came later with the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments.

⚠️ Fallacies About Slavery & Social Media’s Role

  • Fallacies: Claims that slavery was not brutal or that Black people benefited economically are misleading.

  • Social media often spreads revisionist narratives, minimizing atrocities or asserting false equivalencies.

🧪 Modern Echoes: Police Violence

The racist roots of slavery persist today in police brutality. The murder of George Floyd in 2020, where an officer kneeled on his neck for nearly nine minutes, captured global attention. Black Americans accounted for about 27% of fatal police shootings in 2021 Let Africa Speak+1Academia+1—highlighting systemic racism.

📝 What Is Slavery?

Slavery: chattel bondage where humans are owned as property. It began in organized societies seeking labor (e.g., Mesopotamia, Africa) and evolved into a global race-based exploitation system in the Atlantic world.

📚 References

 

black history, E1B1A

E1B1A (Genetic Code of the Chosen)

E1B1A, also known as E-M2, is a Y-DNA (Y-chromosome) haplogroup—a genetic lineage passed exclusively from father to son. It is one of the most common paternal lineages among men of West and Central African descent, especially among the Yoruba, Igbo, Ewe, Fula, and other Bantu-speaking peoples. It is also prevalent among African Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, and Afro-Brazilians—largely because of the transatlantic slave trade.

🔬 Scientific Overview of E1B1A

  • Haplogroup Name: E1b1a (formerly known as E3a)
  • Current Label in Genetics: E-M2 (E1b1a1)
  • Region of Origin: Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Estimated Age: ~20,000 to 30,000 years ago
  • Genetic Trait: Passed only through the male line (father to son via the Y chromosome)

🌍 Where E1B1A is Found

  • High frequency in West Africa: Nigeria, Ghana, Benin, Cameroon
  • Caribbean & Americas: Especially among descendants of the transatlantic slave trade
  • African Americans: Around 60–70% of African-American men belong to E1B1A

🔁 Why It Matters

  1. Ancestral Tracking: E1B1A helps trace paternal ancestry directly to West Africa.
  2. Diaspora Connection: Found heavily among descendants of enslaved Africans, especially in the U.S., Caribbean, and Latin America.
  3. Tribal Links: Often linked with the Yoruba, Igbo, and Bantu tribes, who were among those captured during the slave trade.

📖 Biblical & Cultural Interpretations

Many researchers and Hebrew Israelite scholars believe E1B1A may correspond with the patrilineal line of the ancient Israelites, especially in light of:

  • Deuteronomy 28:68, which describes being taken into slavery by ships.
  • The historical pattern of curses and captivity matching the transatlantic slave trade.
  • Baruch 4:6 (KJV): “Ye were sold to the nations, not for your destruction: but because ye moved God to wrath, ye were delivered unto the enemies.”

This has led some to identify the E1B1A lineage as belonging to the descendants of Jacob (Israel) and believe it is the genetic marker of the lost tribes of Israel, specifically the tribe of Judah.

⚠️ Common Misconceptions

  • Not all Africans have E1B1A. Some have E1B1B, A, B, or other lineages.
  • E1B1B is often associated with North Africa, the Middle East, and sometimes Esau’s lineage (biblically speaking, the twin brother of Jacob).
  • Y-DNA only traces the male line, so a person’s complete ancestry includes many other lines not captured by Y-DNA.

🧬 Exploring Haplogroup E1b1a: Genetics, Identity & Heritage

Interview with Dr. Yehoshua Ben Ephraim from my book “The Brown Girl Dilemma” 2017

1. Background & Identity

I am originally from Charleston, South Carolina. My intellectual formation is both traditional and autodidactic: I hold an Associate’s, Bachelor’s, and Master’s degree from accredited universities, complemented by an honorary doctorate for substantial contributions to theology and genetics. My expertise spans theology, philosophy, psychology, human behavior, and genetics, sustained by lifelong reading and interdisciplinary inquiry.

2. Origins of the Research

My investigation into lineage and identity was driven by the need to reclaim a lost heritage. Unlike other communities whose ancestral origins in Africa are preserved through tribal or national identity (e.g., Egyptian, Ethiopian), many Black Americans lack this clarity. Genetic research revealed that a significant number of African-descended individuals in the Americas carry Y‑DNA Haplogroup E1b1a, predominantly among the Yoruba and Igbo of Nigeria. This discovery prompted an exploration into how this genetic signature intersects with historical lineage, particularly the prophetic narratives in Deuteronomy 28.

3. The Y‑DNA Haplogroup of the Twelve Tribes of Israel

Through ancestral genetic and scriptural analysis, I concluded that the lineage of Jacob (the Patriarch of Israel) corresponds with Haplogroup E1b1a. The biblical reference in Deuteronomy 28:68, which mentions future enslavement “by ships,” appears prophetic when aligned with the transatlantic slave trade and the predominance of E1b1a among enslaved Africans. Y‑chromosome inheritance is paternally transmitted and unchanged, allowing us to trace a direct male line from Jacob to present-day descendants of the twelve tribes.

4. Genetic Comparison: Ashkenazi Jews & E1b1b

Genesis 25:23 declares that the nations of Jacob and Esau would diverge. Genetically, Esau’s descendants align with Haplogroup E1b1b, which is prevalent in certain Middle Eastern and North African populations. Many Ashkenazi Jews display E1b1b or haplogroup J—distinct from E1b1a, which supports a separate ancestral line. Misattributions linking E1b1b to Black Israelites are thus historically and scientifically flawed.

5. African Tribes & Mixed Lineage

Several African ethnic groups—such as the Lemba, Ashanti, and Igbo—carry both E1b1a and E1b1b haplogroups, reflecting historical admixture. Modern diaspora communities (e.g., in Brazil, the Caribbean, and the United States) also reflect this genetic diversity, consistent with historical migration and intermarriage patterns.

6. The Debate on Black Hebrew Israelites

DNA makes lineage claims far more objective. Since E1b1a is exclusive to the male line of Jacob, any claimant to Israelite identity must test positive for E1b1a. Others may have spiritual, cultural, or chosen affiliation but lack genetic continuity. This clarity undercuts ambiguous identity claims by non-E1b1a lineages.

7. Biracial Identity & Patriarchal Lineage

Y‑DNA is strictly paternal, affecting male descendants. However, cultural and genetic heritage in biracial individuals is influenced by both parents. Thus, while only biological fathers transmit Y‑DNA, biracial Israelite identity can be recognized through maternal collateral lines but requires genetic evidence for formal claim.

8. How DNA Defines National Lineage

Beyond identifying immediate relations, subgroups within E1b1a trace the fourteen branches of Jacob’s descendants (including Joseph’s sons, Ephraim and Manasseh). Genetic markers may eventually assist in mapping modern individuals to specific tribes.

9. Deuteronomy 28 in Context

Deuteronomy 28 outlines blessings and curses tied to Israel’s fidelity. Subsequent exile and dispersal—interpreted as the African diaspora—mirror the conditions described. This scriptural prophecy frames the historical and genetic narrative of descendants of Jacob (the Negroid lineage).

10. Present State & Path Forward

In 2017, many descendants remain disconnected from authentic identity, often identifying broadly as “African American.” This lack of specificity perpetuates cultural dislocation. Romans 9:27 suggests only a remnant attains covenantal alignment—highlighting the need for genealogical clarity and spiritual awakening. My role is to provide empirical—and scriptural—evidence. Change begins when we reconnect with identity and commit to obeying divine statutes.

🔍 Conclusion

  • E1b1a marks the paternal lineage of Jacob (Israel).
  • It is the definitive tool to distinguish genetic Israelites from others.
  • Recognizing this genetic truth is essential to rightful identity.
  • Following identity restoration comes moral and spiritual responsibility.

If this work has informed or inspired you, please consider supporting it so we can continue researching, writing, and sharing these stories.

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References:

Jobling, M. A., Hurles, M. E., & Tyler-Smith, C. (2013). Human Evolutionary Genetics. Garland Science.

Kittles, R. A., & Weiss, K. M. (2003). Race, ancestry, and genes: Implications for defining disease risk. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, 4(1), 33–67. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genom.4.070802.110300

Underhill, P. A., et al. (2000). The phylogeography of Y chromosome binary haplotypes and the origins of modern human populations. Annals of Human Genetics, 64(Pt 3), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.00085.x

U.S. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Y chromosome haplogroups. Genetics Home Reference. https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/genomicresearch/ychromosome

Akbar, N. (1996). Breaking the Chains of Psychological Slavery. Mind Productions.

hooks, b. (1992). Black Looks: Race and Representation. South End Press.

Fanon, F. (1967). Black Skin, White Masks. Grove Press.

Russell-Cole, K., Wilson, M., & Hall, R. E. (2013). The Color Complex: The Politics of Skin Color in a New Millennium. Anchor Books.

American Psychological Association. (2019). Ethnic and Racial Disparities in Mental Health Care.